Saturday, October 17, 2026

Dudley's demise – and development


While visiting the construction site of a new housing development in Boston's Roxbury neighborhood earlier this year, I couldn't help noticing something else in need of some construction: this rickety relic of what appeared to be once the noble, princely manor of a high-ranking baron in Bostonian society.

Standing cold and solitary in the snow like an abandoned stage-set from Hollywood's Golden Age of Gone with the Wind, this shell-shocker of a shrine seemed to cry out for TLC, by virtue of both its historic stature and its ruinous state – the two qualities that force us to turn, face, and fix our gaze on an old building, pity its plight, and relish its rebirth.

David Dudley House (c.1825) in 1886. Photo courtesy of the Roxbury Historical Society.
A quick bit of research revealed it to be the David Dudley House at 167 Centre Street (its rusting, cemetery-like gate still indicates its number), a rare surviving example of the Federal architectural style in Roxbury. It was built c.1825 as the country estate of David Dudley, first president of Trader's National Bank of Boston, and his wife, Hannah Davis Dudley.

Hannah and David Dudley, by Chester Harding, c.1836, Harvard Art Museums.
Hannah and David Dudley, whose c.1836 portraits (left) by Chester Harding hang in the Harvard Art Museums, lived with their family of ten in this manse until David's death at 54 in 1841. Hannah continued to occupy it as part of her marriage settlement until her death at 94 in 1886. 

Chester Harding House (1808), Boston. Photo by Adam Lenhardt.
(BTW, their portrait painter's house is a National Historic Landmark on Beacon Hill in Boston. Built in 1808, it was occupied by Chester Harding from 1826 to 1830 during a short period of his illustrious career painting portraits of British royalty and nobility and such American celebutantes as Presidents James Madison, James Monroe and John Quincy Adams, as well as John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Stephen van Rensselaer III, Daniel Boone, Civil War General William T. Sherman, and many others. The house has headquartered the Boston Bar Association since 1963.)

"Meeting House Hill," 1799 copy by Samuel Curtis of original by John Ritto Penniman.
Born in 1787 in Roxbury (when it was a separate township from Boston) to Revolutionary War soldier Lt. Thomas Dudley, David was a direct descendant of Massachusetts Bay Colony Gov. Thomas Dudley, chief founder of Cambridge and namesake of Roxbury's Dudley Square (now Nubian Square). David Dudley was an extremely wealthy landowner with numerous property holdings in his town.

Site of Thomas Dudley's homestead, Roxbury, Massachusetts.
His family was as prominent a political dynasty in the 17th and 18th centuries as the Kennedys were in the 20th. They also included poet Anne Dudley, wife of Simon Bradstreet, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's last governor from 1679 to 1686; Thomas' son Joseph Dudley, President of the Dominion of New England in 1686 and Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire from 1702 to 1715 under Queen Anne; Joseph's son Paul Dudley, Attorney-General of Massachusetts from 1702 to 1718, and Chief Justice of the province's highest court, the Superior Court of Judicature; and Paul's brother William Dudley, with whom Paul served as the first proprietors and the namesakes of the town of Dudley, Massachusetts. The Dudleys' family traditions of slaveholdings and support of slavery led to Dudley Square's rechristening as Nubian Square in 2019.

David and Hannah Dudley raised ten children in their home – which explains its later addition of a rear ell and side verandah entrances. It was one of the first country estates in Roxbury's Highland Park neighborhood, built on a sweeping parcel extending out to the Stony Brook. 

Highland Park, Roxbury, Massachusetts, c.1925.
The David Dudley House stood firm on its meadow lands as its Highland Park neighborhood grew more populous and densely settled with the 1835 arrival of the Boston-to-Providence railroad along the Stony Brook (near where the Southwest Corridor Park and Orange Line/Amtrak extension run today) and evolved from farm and orchard country to a wealthy suburb for Boston's Yankee elite to an immigrant mecca attracting Irish, Germans, Jews, Scandinavians, Italians, Latvians, Maritime Canadians, Jamaicans, Barbadians, Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, and ultimately African Americans, as one of Boston's "streetcar suburbs" when Roxbury was annexed to Boston in 1868 so Boston could take better advantage of the industries emerging along the Stony Brook, which included rubber factories, machine manufactories, breweries, and textile mills. By the 1960s, redlining, blockbusting, "urban renewal," and "white flight" morphed Roxbury's demographics into Boston's largest Black community, while architectural remnants of its Yankee era like the David Dudley House fell victim to benign neglect, waiting for salvation.

All Saints Church and Rectory, Highland Park, Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1897.
Following Hannah Dudley's passing, her house remained in the family until Rev. John J. Williams, Fourth Archbishop of Boston's Roman Catholic Archdiocese, acquired it in 1897 as the rectory of his new All Saints Church next door and added the third story, hipped roof, and columned circular two-story portico, preserving the house's Federal form.

Demolition of All Saints Church and vicinity in Roxbury for The Inner Belt, 1968.
In 1968, the house, the church, and surrounding structures were seized by the state Department of Public Works by eminent domain for The Inner Belt, or I-695, a ten-mile, eight-lane, mostly elevated highway planned to circle from Boston's Back Bay through Roxbury, Cambridge and Somerville and connect to the I-93 Central Artery. The house's historical significance spared it the demolition done to the church and 1,200 Roxbury homes, which displaced the German and Irish immigrant families whose grandparents had been workers in the old rubber factories, machine shops, breweries and mills that had sprouted along the Stony Brook throughout the 19th century and are all but gone now. "People Before Highways" community protests and an executive order by Gov. Frank Sargent aborted the highway project in 1970, giving rise to the Southwest Corridor Park and train lines in the 1980s, and leaving the Dudley House sitting alone by a Roxbury Community College parking lot that shoulders the ghost of the house's once-generous acreage.

The latest plans for this amazing survivor of neglect and bulldozing are for Roxbury Community College to restore, renovate and sustain it as its Center for Economic and Social Justice, which will prepare students of color and low-income families to gain employment in the green-tech sector and build their own businesses in energy efficiency, green tech and sustainable design. Funded in part by a $12 million investment secured by state Sen. Liz Miranda through her BRIGHT Act amendment and by a $4 million grant arranged by U.S. Sen. Ed Markey through the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the house's renovation will integrate sustainable green technology as a model for its intended enterprise, as well as careful restoration of its exterior historical details. As the first net-zero historic renovation in Massachusetts, it will expunge the David Dudley House's slavery legacy and rejuvenate it as a shrine to Roxbury's heritage, history and hereafter.

And I hope that will happen soon. As I gazed at the house's frail façade of boarded-up windows, portico barely held up by a trickle of scaffolding, clapboard front marked with the red X sign that it was unsafe to enter – I was shocked that such a significant structure, rich with historical associations extending all the way to Beacon Hill, Harvard University and the former Dudley Square, could be left to go to pot.

But then again...

Shirley-Eustis House (1747), Roxbury, Massachusetts, c.1963, before restoration.
...other long-neglected historical treasures in Roxbury have found their way back from the dead. Notable among these is the Shirley-Eustis House, built in 1747 as the country estate of William Shirley, Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. It was later occupied by William Eustis, Secretary of War under President James Madison during the War of 1812. After suffering neglect as an abandoned rooming house and antiques storage facility, it was restored in 1991 as Roxbury's leading house museum.

Shirley-Eustis House (1747-1751), Roxbury, Massachusetts, today. Photo by Tim Sackton.









Dillaway-Thomas House (1750-52), Roxbury, Massachusetts,
before restoration. Courtesy of MIT Special Collections.
Another is the Dillaway-Thomas House in John Eliot Square, built in 1750-52 as the rectory of the First Church in Roxbury, but requisitioned by Brig. Gen. John Thomas of the Continental Army as his headquarters. Its superior views of Dorchester Heights and the Boston Neck enabled Thomas to observe Henry Knox's transport of cannons from Fort Ticonderoga, New York, through Roxbury to Dorchester Heights for their fortification to force the British Army to evacuate Boston on March 17, 1776, under the command of Gen. George Washington. By 1835 the house was occupied by Charles Knapp Dillaway, headmaster of Boston Latin School, and his wife Martha, who lived in it until her death in 1909. It was acquired by the City of Boston in 1927 with plans to replace it with a school, but public resistance to this caused the Art Deco-styled James P. Timilty Middle School to be carefully built around the old house. After miraculously surviving a boarding-up, a looting, and two fires, the Dillaway-Thomas House was restored in 1998 as a Roxbury history exhibition space as part of Roxbury Heritage State Park.

Dillaway-Thomas House (1750-52), Roxbury, Massachusetts, today. Photo by Grk1011.
With any hope, and many doses of TLC, the David Dudley House will join the company of the Shirley-Eustis and Dillaway-Thomas houses as a Roxbury relic rejuvenated.

Thank you for visiting. I welcome your comments!


Sources:

"Chester Harding House," Wikipedia, last edited on 14 August 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Harding_House

"Chester Harding (painter)," Wikipedia, last edited on 17 October 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Harding_(painter)


  • Dudley, Dean, History of the Dudley Family, with Genealogical Tables, Pedigrees, Etc. Number VIII, Dean Dudley (Wakefield, MA, 1893), ill. opp. p. 850.
"HBI Submits Proposal for the Historic Dudley House," Historic Boston Incorporated, February 28, 2020, https://historicboston.org/hbi-submits-proposal-for-the-historic-dudley-house/

Horn, Christina (author) and Jaydie Halperin (editor), "The Inner Belt: The Highway Massachusetts Didn't Build," The West End Museum, https://thewestendmuseum.org/history/era/modern/the-inner-belt-the-highway-massachusetts-didnt-build/

"H694: Hannah Davis Dudley (Mrs. David Dudley) (1792-1886)," Paintings, Harvard Art Museums, bequest of Caroline Dudley Taylor, 1988, https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/305199?position=9

"Meeting House Hill," Historic New England, copy by Samuel Curtis (signed and dated, 1799) of an original by John Ritto Penniman of Roxbury, https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/17065

Montague, Deidre E., "RCC receives $12 million to renovate Dudley House," Bay State Banner, March 18, 2026, https://baystatebanner.com/2026/03/18/rcc-receives-12-million-to-renovate-dudley-house/

"Paul Dudley (jurist)," Wikipedia, last edited on 7 February 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dudley_(jurist)

Reyes, Max, "50 years after Inner Belt protest, activists gather again," The Boston Globe, January 25, 2019, https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/01/25/remembering-highway-that-never-was/PS1jnevsnKzmFx4a1o5dqN/story.html?event=event12

"Roxbury Heritage State Park," Wikipedia, last edited on 24 February 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury_Heritage_State_Park

"Shirley-Eustis House," Wikipedia, last edited on 4 September 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley%E2%80%93Eustis_House

Smith, Dana, "Restoration of Boston's Shirley-Eustis House, a Georgian colonial mansion | Roxbury, MA," Boston Mass, Vintage, July 14, 2026, https://www.facebook.com/groups/513744017561133/posts/1207954711473390/

  • Stebbins, Theodore E., Jr. and Melissa Renn, American Paintings at Harvard, Volume One: Paintings, Watercolors, and Pastels by Artists Born before 1826, Harvard Art Museums (Cambridge, MA and New Haven, CT, 2014), pp. 244-45, cat. 195 & 196, ill.
"The David Dudley House," RoxburyRoamer, Instagram, November 9, 2021, https://www.instagram.com/p/CWDc8sfLjI9/

"The Faces Behind Roxbury's Dudley House," Historic Boston Incorporated, December 31, 2019, https://historicboston.org/the-faces-behind-roxburys-dudley-house/

"The Forgotten All Saints Church," Historic Boston Incorporated, April 10, 2020, https://historicboston.org/the-forgotten-all-saints-church/

"Thomas Dudley," Wikipedia, last edited on 16 August 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dudley

Walker, Grant, "Roxbury Community College to begin work on social justice center," Boston Business Journal, June 21, 2024, https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2024/06/21/roxbury-community-college-building-new-center.html
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Saturday, October 10, 2026

Homes of the brave


The stretch of Boston's Commonwealth Avenue from Kenmore Square to Packard's Corner has never been the same since its two primary historic landmarks and social magnets disappeared – one partially, the other totally. Braves Field and the Commonwealth Armory were legend-breakers and history-makers, now obscured by Boston University's "new uses" for their sites.
They were built concurrently in 1914-1915, the former as the home of the Boston Braves National League baseball team (yes, Boston once had two teams!), the latter as a post and drill hall for the Massachusetts Army National Guard. Coincidentally, the Commonwealth Armory was designed by James E. McLaughlin, architect of Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox American League team, which explained the armory's festively ceremonial and tastefully Bostonian design. 

Like Fenway Park (built three years earlier), Braves Field was aligned in a northeastern direction, in the name of player safety and competitive fairness. Since most baseball games are played in afternoons and early evenings, this orientation of the field's central axis from home plate through second base kept the setting afternoon sun out of the eyes of the batter, catcher and home-plate umpire for ease and accuracy of tracking, catching and calling, say, a 95 mph fastball. 

This arrangement also determined afternoon shadow patterns in the stadium. As the sun set in the west, the third-base seating was the first to catch a shadow, so its spectators received early relief from summer heat.

Also like Fenway, Braves Field's size, configuration and compass-points were governed by the established street-grid of its neighborhood, which set it within a similar square street pattern to that of the auto showrooms, service stations and Boston University buildings along its strip. 

Yet, unlike Fenway, Braves Field was built on a foursquare parcel rather than the snugly skew block that morphed Fenway into a polygon, to allow the field more latitude for in-the-park home runs, per the wishes of Braves owner James Gaffney. This gave it ample foul territory, which favored pitchers over batters. Breezes from its Charles River location further impeded out-of-the-park homers.

But their city settings made Braves Field and Fenway Park truly urban ballparks that attracted crowds within walking and transit-riding as well as driving distance from all over the city, as handy alternatives to the far-off, isolated stadiums in other cities that are long walks (or long drives, in the case of Gillette Stadium in Foxborough) away, hence out of reach to many.

Braves Field and Fenway Park were thus some of the nation's most universally accessible ballparks. Furthermore, their dense urban settings did not stop them from being open, airy green oases from urban congestion with bountiful breathing space for all spectators.

On Braves Field's opening day, August 18, 1915, a 46,000-strong crowd saw the Boston Braves defeat the St. Louis Cardinals, and J. C. O'Leary reported in The Boston Globe that it was "the finest ballpark in the world. There is not another like it anywhere, and the probability is that it will stand preeminent for the next 25 years." It was also that era's largest baseball stadium, served directly by a streetcar system.

Braves Field, 1916 World Series. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
Which attracted the Braves' sort-of rivals, the Red Sox, to Braves Field for the 1915 and 1916 World Series – and the gamble paid off: the Sox won both series 4 games to 1. (Craig Breslow, are you listening?) And, yes, it was a fair trade: while Braves Field was being built the Braves played their 1914 World Series at Fenway Park, sweeping the Philly Athletics in four games.

The breezy, open design of Braves Field (albeit with some obstructed views – tough noogies if you were stuck in the nosebleed seats, if that was all you could afford) allowed a few more nuggets of history to be made there, but "the finest ballpark in the world" – not to mention the "Miracle Braves" moniker sportswriters tagged the team with after their improbable World Series win – were stretching it a bit. It took until 1922 for a homer to be hit there (by New York Giants catcher Frank Snyder, clearing the left-field foul pole), inner fences on the field were built and shifted around several times, and the whole field was shifted clockwise toward right field. Something always seemed off about the design, perhaps due in part to the field's unusual location, and that it had been the site of the Allston Golf Club's golf course when Gaffney purchased it shortly after Fenway Park opened in 1912. Perhaps the river breezes were more favorable toward the flight of golf balls than baseballs.

Nonetheless, the Boston Braves won the 1948 National League Pennant before 1.5 million spectators. This was their first pennant victory since 1914, and it was timely with their cofounding of the Jimmy Fund, the cancer research arm now associated with the Red Sox. The Braves lost the World Series to the Cleveland Indians 4 games to 2.
Sam "Jet" Jethroe became Boston's first African-American major-leaguer in
1950, when he joined the Boston Braves. Courtesy of the Boston Public Library.
In partial redemption of their weak record, the Braves became the second MLB team to break the color barrier, hiring outfielder Sam “Jet” Jethroe in 1950, a year after Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers as the first African-American major-leaguer. By 1952, the Braves had three Black players; one was George Crowe, Robinson’s old teammate on the Los Angeles Red Devils basketball team.
Boston University graduation on the former Braves Field,
soon after its 1953 transfer to the university.
After losing their final Braves Field game to the Dodgers 8-2 in 1952 (Roy Campanella socked in the deciding homer), the Braves moved to Milwaukee (followed by Atlanta in 1966), forever depriving Boston of a National League team. The next year, Boston University purchased Braves Field, beginning the process of depriving Boston of one of its baseball shrines.

After the newly named Boston University Field (renamed Nickerson Field in 1963, in honor of BU Trustee William Emery Nickerson, main inventor of the machinery that manufactured Gillette's first safety razor) was shrunk down in 1955 for campus housing at the parameters and football and soccer on the field (as that added freestanding row of bleachers in some images shows), the gabled, arcaded entrance, the under-bleacher concourse, and part of the old wall are all that remain of old Braves Field, as a monument to major-league majesty.

The same cannot be said for its most immediate neighbor...

...the Commonwealth Armory. Built for Troops A, B, C, and D of the First Squadron Cavalry, Battery A of the Massachusetts Field Artillery, and the Field Hospital, Ambulance, and Signal Corps, it had to be a vast, spreading arena to accommodate all those guardsmen, with a commanding presence on the avenue.
So James E. McLaughlin dressed up its sandstone-trimmed brick edifice with a sequence of segmental arches like those on Fenway Park to visually emphasize the building's wide reach along the street and far-reaching space inside. To give it the castle-like regality worthy of its occupant, he fronted it with a Jacobethan headhouse and buttressed tower, accessible drawbridge-style by a gated, arched entry bridge over a "moat." The broad springing arcs of these arches and the elliptical dome roof seemed to signify the broad-jump spring of the vaulted elliptical ceiling inside the drill hall, structured to create the widest open space possible for the drills of the growing National Guard troops, living quarters for 700 officers and men, stables for 250 horses, storage for armaments, and more.

Mounted State Police training on horseback at the Commonwealth Armory, c.1925.
Troops stationed there were called to action on the Mexican border in 1916, and later deployed to France during World War I. The Armory also hosted a myriad of public events, including the Boston Auto Show, sportsman's shows featuring Ted Williams, dog shows, international food festivals, an address by President John F. Kennedy at a celebration of his 44th birthday on May 29, 1961, and the
President John F. Kennedy (center) introduces his brother, Massachusetts
Senator Edward M. Kennedy (right), at the "New England Salute to the
President" on October 19, 1963, at the Commonwealth Armory in Boston.
Photo courtesy of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
"New England Salute to the President," a Democratic fundraising dinner honoring Kennedy on October 19, 1963. "I must say it is a constant source of pride to me that I come from this State, that I represented Massachusetts, that I am identified with this State. It has the longest and, I think, most distinguished history. But I think in 1963 as well as the last 30 years, as well as the last 150 years, this State and the people in it have been willing to meet their responsibilities, and particularly those who are Democrats," he said – a month and three days before his assassination.

On March 13, 1969, less than a year after the assassination of civil rights activist Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., his widow Coretta Scott King spoke at the Armory at the Boston University Founders' Day Convocation upon receiving an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters degree from BU, where her husband had received his Ph.D. Also accepting a posthumous award on his behalf for his service to humanity, she addressed her determination to advance her late husband's legacy of nonviolent social change, structural injustice, and global human rights, tying it in with the critical need to address the "triple threat" of society – namely the interlinked crises of institutional racism, poverty, and militarism, specifically pertaining to the ongoing Vietnam War. She also explored the transformation of her husband's philosophy from the dream and mission of one individual to a structured, organized social movement, in her promotion of the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change she founded in 1968 in Atlanta to provide research, education and training programs on the principles, philosophy and methods of the nonviolence her husband advocated passionately.

On October 10, 1969, The Who performed at the Armory as part of the North American leg of their Tommy Tour, in support of that year's release of their seminal rock opera Tommy. They performed the full opera to a cheering audience that packed the space.

In the wake of the killings of four Kent State University students by Ohio National Guardsmen during an anti-Vietnam War demonstration on the campus on May 4, 1970, ironically the Commonwealth Armory became a site of vehement antiwar protests in its own right.

The State's reactionary law-and-order wing struck back with a GOP gala dinner there on October 31, 1972. While First Lady "Pat" Nixon spoke, about 8,000 protesters assembled outside with chants of "Sign it now!", insisting that President Nixon sign the nine-point peace program the North Vietnamese had offered.
Of course, the protest did not stop Nixon's landslide reelection a week later. But nor did the GOP gala stop Massachusetts from being the only state to vote for Senator George McGovern. Which famously gave rise to the bumper-sticker slogan "Don't Blame Me, I'm from Massachusetts" after Nixon resigned from the presidency in disgrace on August 9, 1974, in the aftermath of the Watergate break-in cover-up.

The Armory's enormous space also suited it for many public services, including college registrations, Certified Public Accountant and Nursing Board exams, ROTC physical training, and even a makeshift morgue following the tragic Cocoanut Grove fire in Boston on November 28, 1942. 


(It might have come in handy as a temporary hospital for COVID patients during the pandemic had it still been around then.)

All those historical events and community services, plus its quintessence in progressive drill-hall engineering, should have been reason enough to preserve the Armory as a Boston landmark. But no. In 2002 it made way for BU's Agganis Arena, which the Armory would have fit comfortably...
...as the curves, roof ellipse, and size of its replacement suggest, being not much bigger than its predecessor. As designed by Cannon Design in its typical hack corporate style, Agganis Arena shows that the Commonwealth Armory's crumbling into the trashbin of oblivion was unnecessary, and is yet another blemish on BU's bland, bric-a-brac, chockablock campus. 

A cast-iron gate and lantern, refurbished by Ryan Iron Works, are the sole mementos of the intricate craftsmanship of their castle, which crowned its neighborhood regally and served its community nobly as a convention hall, political arena, concert venue, and much more. Now it has solely a private function for BU, robbing Boston of another community asset and historic landmark. So that's how we remember two vanished venerable institutions where baseball, political and social history were made: by their gates, not their buildings.

Thank you for visiting. I welcome your comments!


Sources:

"Agganis Arena," Wikipedia, last edited on 30 August 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agganis_Arena

Bellon, Bernard, "Outside the Nixon Dinner," The Heights, Volume LIII, Number 7, November 7, 1972, https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a=d&d=bcheights19721107.2.30&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-----------------------

"Braves Field," ballparksofbaseball.com, https://www.ballparksofbaseball.com/ballparks/braves-field/

"Braves Field," Wikipedia, last edited on 2 September 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braves_Field

"BU Yesterday," BU Bridge, Week of 9 January 2004, Vol. VII, No. 15, https://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2004/01-09/bu-yesterday.html

"Commonwealth Armory," Wikipedia, last edited on 3 October 2026, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Armory


Derby, Samantha, and Clio Admin., "Commonwealth Armory," Clio: Your Guide to History, May 14, 2018, accessed October 12, 2026, https://theclio.com/entry/49102

Johnson, Richard A., "The Jet, Boston Braves Center Fielder Sam Jethroe," The Sports Museum, https://www.sportsmuseum.org/curators-corner/the-jet-boston-braves-center-fielder-sam-jethroe/

Kennedy, John F., "Remarks in Boston at the 'New England's Salute to the President' Dinner," October 19, 1963, The American Presidency Project, posted by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-boston-the-new-englands-salute-the-president-dinner

Landry, Peter, "8000 Demonstrate at Pat Nixon Speech," The Harvard Crimson, October 31, 1972, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1972/11/1/8000-demonstrate-at-pat-nixon-speech/

Lewis, David (author), Kristen Dahlmann and Jan Haenraets (editors), "Braves Field and the Afterlife of a Baseball Stadium," BU Arts & Sciences Preservation Studies, 2023, https://www.bu.edu/preservation/scholarship/student-work/braves-field-afterlife/

Nevins, Joseph, "Braves Field/Nickerson Field," A People's Guide to Greater Boston, April 15, 2022, https://bostonbook.org/2022/04/15/braves-field-nickerson-field/

Nowlin, Bill, "Sam Jethroe," Society for American Baseball Research, https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/sam-jethroe/

Osinski, Stan, "History of the Commonwealth Armory in Boston, Massachusetts," Boston Mass, Vintage, Facebook, February 25, 2024, https://www.facebook.com/groups/513744017561133/posts/626987122903488/

Ruzzo, Bob, "Braves Field: An Imperfect History of the Perfect Ballpark," Society for American Baseball Research, Fall 2012, https://sabr.org/journal/article/braves-field-an-imperfect-history-of-the-perfect-ballpark/

"Sam Jethroe, Boston Braves (1950-1952)," Instagram, 2026, https://www.instagram.com/p/DUmULpvF-9m/

Swanson, Daniel, "Nearing the End: The Election," The Harvard Crimson, November 3, 1972, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1972/11/4/nearing-the-end-pthe-long-1972/

"The Ballparks: Braves Field, Boston, Massachusetts," This Great Game: The Online Book of Baseball, 2023, https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/7533833769922697149/1991195619466870267


"The Who, Oct. 10, 1969 (57 years ago), Commonwealth Armory, Boston, Massachusetts, United States," Concert Archives, https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/the-who-b2c2775a-c078-4c59-971f-5777be863dc9
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